Reflective Paper On Human Resource Management Management Essay

Reflective Paper On Human Resource Management Management Essay Human resource management plays an integral role in assisting any organization attains its set objectives. HRM can be defined as the rational and strategic move towards management of a firms workforce. The workforce is the most valuable asset in any organization. Indeed, organizations are constituted by employees and not the processes and technology employed. The goals of any organization can only achieved by entrusting it to a committed workforce. According to Riccucci (2006), HRM functions in hiring people, ensures growth of employees capabilities so as to fully utilize them and compensate them commensurately for their contributions in making organizations goals realization possible. As such, HRM exists to ensure employee productivity by addressing any hindrance occurring on employees performance. This paper explores the functions of HRM, major concerns in those functions and their relevance to the sum total goal of an organization. In addition the paper reflectively focuses on the impacts of the aforementioned functions to the employees current and future career. To achieve the organizational goals, HRM develops the employees and motivates the individual employee via proper communication of the social responsible and ethical behavior thereby expounding any performance gaps in the organization and providing remedies to them to ensure efficient working. Human Resources planning and recruitment/selection issues The process of HRM is guided by a HRM plan which clearly outlines the future of the undertaking. The plan relates the efforts of the employees within an organization with the organizational goals. Achievements of employees can only be relevant to the organization if they continually address the organizational goals. Organizational goals distinguish between organizations in the market and as such provide the competitive advantage of the organization. HRM office projects, in the plan, the human resource (HR) requirements into the future in efforts to enhance the achievement of the goals. The plan considers both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the HR to be recruited and/or maintained. The economic implication of the HR hired is a factor that goes hand in hand with the achievement of objectives of the organization. HR plan has a great implication on the current and future career aspects of existing employees as well as those in the contextual labour market. Indeed, the quality of HR required may mean staff training on the existing employees, retrenchment of those under qualified or stricter selection processes in efforts to match the job and the skills in employee. The recruitment process then follows. During recruitment, HRM office advertises for the vacancy and after applications has been made, selection of the best candidate(s) is done. The right candidate(s) is inducted into the organization via an introduction of the colleagues, organization structure, work station and supervisor. Furthermore, the recruited employee is familiarized with the organizations goals and policies all of which shape the organization culture. During induction there may be need for a training that may last from several days to several months depending on the intensity of disparity between skills level of the recruited employee and the job description. The contemporary society requires certain proportions of composition of genders in the organizations. Many organizations have actually adopted the affirmative action in ensuring equal employment opportunities (EEO) within their organizations. This serves both as legality conformance as well as a social acceptance tool for organizations. EEO and Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a faction of particular and results-oriented undertakings structured towards correction of underutilization of women and minorities in the workstations. The idea is that employers and all involved in controlling employment procedures do not discriminate among candidates on the grounds of physical or mental challenge, nationality, color, sex, ancestry, religion, marital status, age or medical condition (Dowling et al, 2008). The qualified individuals in the job market should therefore access the available jobs equally. Within the working places, affirmative action and EEO ensures similarity in provision of benefits as well as services to the workforce. As such employees are consistently subjected to practices and policies equally. EEO is an all inclusive legal mandate for federal contractors. Affirmative action program is an endeavor to enhance fairness and deal with effects of previous discrimination practices in employment through attracting the target group th at includes women and underutilized minorities. The impact of affirmative action and EEO on its level of implementation seriously impacts on the career aspirations and indeed personal lives of individuals since its implementation benefits the target group while it may compromise quality of the work force in some societies (ZÃ ¼gner Ullrich, 2009). Implementation of the EEO and affirmative action programs implies that the percentage of the unemployed among the target group is increased thereby improving their personal living standards as well as career prospects. The challenge with the implementation of EEO and affirmative action may be the possibility of compromising the quality aspect of the workforce when the level of skills among the target population is wanting yet their percentage in an organizations workforce has to be achieved. However, for social acceptance and legal conformity, the HRM office must try to apply the said policy. In enhancing employee productivity and the subsequent achievement of organization goals, HRM office must ensure proper compensation and commensurate provision of benefits to the employees. Compensation may be defined as the offer of money or a financial convertible material for purposes of remunerating for work done. The remuneration is presented as a compensation package which implies the value /worth placed on an employee. Compensation and Employees Benefits Compensation package is normally presented in three major categories. First, it can be non monetary such that the value intangible. Such compensation comprise of social as well as career rewards expressed as growth opportunity , subsidized housing, enhanced job security, flexible working hours, recognition, and elder care among others. The Second compensation package is direct which expresses the employees base salary/wage. Direct compensation may be in form of piece rate pay, hourly pay or salary pay. Finally, there is indirect compensation that includes provision of facilities like paid leave, health insurance, and child care. Any compensation is either based on time or activity level (Riccucci, 2006). In terms of time, compensation may be long-term or short-term. Short-term and long-term compensation reward performance for upto one financial year and beyond a financial year period respectively. The activity level approach, expresses a compensation package as either variable or fix ed. Variable package is proportionately with employees performance level. This arrangement is usually called ‘pay at risk. The implication is that compensation is re-earned and re-established each performance period. Variable package is availed as team-based pay, bonus programs as well as commissions. On the contrary, fixed compensation does not vary directly as performance and is also nondiscretionary. Generally, corporate consensus advocate for a relation between pay and performance to enhance its effectiveness. This advocacy may however not apply in sectors where performance levels are dependent on factors without employee and organization control. Whichever presentation of compensation package is adopted, the motivation effect as well as implication on financial soundness of the organization must be considered. Compensation package affects the employees perception on the value placed on them and hence is a good motivation element/factor in the workplace. The compensation policy adopted by the organization dictates the living standards of a person as well as future career development of an employee. Some organizations cater for career developments costs for their employees while others reimburse a certain percentage of the cost. Moreover, other factors constant, high compensation packages can enable an employee to advance in career since it would cater for the training and other education expenses coincidental to career advancement. Human Resources Development Human resources require a continuous development to match with the increasing demand for skills and levels of performance. Human resource development (HRD) may be defined as the structure designed to assist workers develop their personal as well as organizational skills, abilities and knowledge. HRD is more often than not a deliberate organizational effort expressed in terms of performance management, employee career development, employee training and mentoring programs geared towards positioning employees to properly face the dynamism of their duties (Dowling et al, 2008). The focus of HRD is to develop a superior workforce that will result to accomplishment of individual and organizational goals in serving customers. HRD may be formal or informal. Formally, HRD is conducted in a classroom setup where a course is offered. Informal HRD involves employee coaching by a supervisor within the working station. In an organizational setup, performance management is defined as the process of putting up a work environment requiring the workforce to perform to the maximum level of their capabilities. Performance management system starts with the communication of duties and responsibilities of an individual employee, the actual performance of duties and an evaluation procedure. The whole process is facilitated by a feedback mechanism that serves to ensure adherence to organizational goals. Effective performance management as an element in HRD ensures the following. First, there is continued improvement in productivity both in the manner employees work and the subsequent outcomes. Secondly, effective performance management ensures a commensurate reward to employees contribution hence improvement in employee morale. Thirdly, top performers are retained when an effective performance management is employed. Retention arises from the employee loyalty and low labour turn over achieved when employees e xperience a sense of achievement (ZÃ ¼gner Ullrich, 2009). Finally, organization enjoys increased profitability derived from employee loyalty which in turn leads to customer loyalty. The HRM office conducts performance appraisals usually on quarterly basis of the performance period. According to ZÃ ¼gner Ullrich (2009), career development can be enhanced through provision of paid study leaves and partial or full reimbursement of training expenses when employees seek training outside the organization. HRD equips the employees with better skills of doing work which boosts their performance levels. High performance levels in return generates better compensation package. Furthermore, HRD raises the self esteem of employees especially if their skills level were extremely low. Employee and various labor relations issues The practice HRM is responsible in ensuring adherence to the set labour relations policy. Employee/labour relation is the concern for the relationship and interaction between lower level employees and the organizations upper management level (Burstein, 1994). Labor relation policy addresses the following issues in the organization. To start with, labour relations policy enacts proper administration procedures within the organization. Employees can correctly project the administrative issues that will be practiced in the organization. For example, workers can expect that they will have a unity of command and a clearly defined chain of command governing them. Moreover, employees are aware of the importance of their participation in decision making in whichever level. Second, labour relations policy ensures maintenance of an effective and positive discipline in the organization. The policy clearly outlines the legal issues that govern discipline and the remedial measures to be taken for correction. When employees commit errors necessitating the need for effective dispute resolution in the workplace, they are not left under the mercies of the organization management alone, but rather labor relations policy provides the required guidelines in seeking amicable solution (Dowling et al, 2008). In case the organization infringes on the rights of the employees, the labour relations policy also comes into effect to define the extent of compensation that the employees are entitled to. Third, labour relations policy establishes the lines of communication in an organization which forms a foundation for employee morale. Fourth, the policies guarantees uninterrupted production since there is a continuous employment for employees and managers and a full utilization of resources. With maximum possible production, there is a predictable continuity in flow of income that enhances smooth running of organization. Finally, labor relations reduce wastage of HR, machines and materials thus protectin g national interest of conservation. Adherence to labour relations is paramount to personal lives of employees as well as on their future career prospects. This is mainly because the policy provides an opportunity for mental revolution (ZÃ ¼gner Ullrich, 2009). In fact the objective of labour relations policy is to enhance a complete mental revolution in the workforce. A peaceful coexistence ultimately lies in a changed appearance both on the organization and the employees. Management of organization needs to formulate relationships that enhance consonance with true democracy spirit. The organization and the employees must perceive themselves as members of a partnership that recognizes the contribution of each. Development of such an understanding improves the affective domain of an employee that is important in the modern social world. Social employees have a chance to develop in their careers as well as fit in their contextual organizations through the normal challenges that exist. Safety and Health On health and safety of employees in the organization, HRM ensures conformance both as a legal requirement as well as a care for humanity. Organizations depend on smooth running of operations as directed by employees. As such, the health and safety of employees need to be guarded. Health refers to the state of being in a human/ worker in an organization Dowling et al, 2008). The state of well being includes mental, emotional and physical wholeness of an individual. Safety may be defined as to the safeguarding of physical well being of a worker. Safety minimizes/eliminates risk of accidents due to fire or diseases as well as machinery. At large, Security encompasses protection of equipments and facilities from damage and unauthorized access. The HRM office coordinates safety programs and enhances awareness of the organizations health and safety policies. In ensuring safety awareness, the HRM office should train the members of organization on handling safety equipments, maintenance of working conditions that are safe as well as developing appropriate safety reporting mechanisms (Riccucci, 2006). Health and safety of employees safeguards their lives thereby giving them opportunities to advance in their careers. Conclusion In conclusion, the HRM function in an integral part of any organization in ensuring the realization of established goals. The said office harmonizes the dream of the founders of the organization, which is expressed as objectives or strategic plans, and the efforts that are applied by the workforce. Indeed, the essence of work is realization of the set objectives without which hard work would be meaningless. The functions of the HRM office are interrelated and interdependent. Their weights/importance is intertwined by the close relationships that they hold. As such no function can be said to hold more weight than the other. Sourcing of the workforce is however important as the first step that determines success and cost of operation in the other functions. Ensuring equality and fair practices under legal employee relations procedures in the workplace boosts firms commitment in attaining the set objectives. References Burstein, P. (1994). Equal employment opportunity: labor market discrimination and public policy. Piscataway, U.S.A: Aldine Transaction Publishers. Dowling, P. J., Festing, M Engle, D. A. (2008). International human resource management: managing people in a multinational context. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning EMEA Publishers. Riccucci, M. N. (2006). Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Publishers. ZÃ ¼gner, C. Ullrich, S. (2009). Compensation and Remuneration. Munich, Germany: GRIN Verlag Publishers.

Punishment in Ancient & Medieval India and the World

ASSIGNMENT ON Presence of Illegal Bangladeshi Immigrants: A Grave Threat to India’s Internal Security Submitted By: Dhanya Babu 32712001 1st Year M. A Criminology INTRODUCTION The illegal immigrants from Bangladesh who are present in large numbers in India poses a grave threat to India’s internal security. It is found that there are around 10-20 million illegal Bangladeshi migrants in India. Unchecked and unregulated migration flows together with high fertility rates could create an alarming situation. Though attempts have been made in India to prevent illegal migration, they have been relatively weak.The 25-member committee, led by Bharatiya Janata Party leader Sushma Swaraj, took note of reports that counterfeit notes were in large circulation along the India-Bangladesh border and presence of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in large numbers poses a grave threat to India’s internal security and the government should take it seriously and strictly monitor their mo vement. It took cognisance of reports that illegal Bangladeshi migrants were able to secure ration cards, driving licences, voter identity cards and even PAN cards.Media reports have attributed claims to the intelligence sources that terrorist groups have been recruiting Bangladeshis in India. It has also been reported that certain Bangladeshi insurgent groups were involved in the terrorist incidents in our country. Illegal Bangladeshi Migrants are also threat to language and culture of Assam. ULFA which arose as a protest against Bangladeshis lost credibility only when its leaders took shelter in Bangladesh after the Bhutanese operation against the group in December 2003. Arrest of Bangladeshi national S.M. Alam in January 2008 by Assam Police revealed ISI’s plan to turn northeast into a volatile region. The migrants have also spread into other places like Dimapur and Kohima. The illegal migrants are not involved into terrorism in a big way, but involved in gun running, fake currency rackets and drug running etc. Illegal Immigration – Why and How? Growing population pressure in Bangladesh acts as a push factor whereas growing Indian economy, relatively less pressure on land and weak state resistance act as pull factor.Islamic fundamentalist extremist groups are growing in Bangladesh and they are able to expand their activities in West Bengal as well. Some of such organistaions are Jamait-e-Islami-e-Hind, Jamait-Ahle-Hadis, Students Islamic Organization (SIO), Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and Tabligh-e-Jamat. Four of them are most active. Meetings have taken place between Jamaat-e-Islami and West Bengal based radical Muslim organizations and it is believed that ISI is behind them. There has been a growth of unauthorized, illegal madrassas all over West Bengal particularly along the Bangladesh border.They are also using Kolkota and Agartala as bases being close to the border and people from both sides speak the same language. There ar e also groups which are directly involved in subversive activities such as HUJI. Siliguri town acts as gateway to Guwahati, Gangtok and Kishengunj and also shares the border with Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. Important highways, railways tracks, vital installations such as the airfields of Bagdogra and Hashimara and oil pipelines are located here. Increase in Muslim population in Siliguri and adjoining areas has grown at an astonishing 150% in the past seven years.There are villages in and around Siliguri which have curious population mix and often act as heaven for ISI operatives. The villages have some 2,000 Pashto and Baloch settlers from Afghanistan along with 6,000 Iraninas. The increased activity of the ISI has endangered the security of the Siliguri corridor. ISI attempted sabotage in 1999 following a bomb blast at New Jalpaiguri Station. Steps Taken: To prevent the illegal immigration, the Union Home Ministry has taken various measures like construction of border fencing, fl ood lighting and roads to enable more effective patrolling etc.Assignment of border guarding duties on the Indo-Bangladesh border to a single force, Border Security Force, augmentation of its strength through additional battalions, reduction of gaps between border outposts, and provision of modern surveillance and other equipment and gadgetry to BSF are some other steps. The Home Ministry has also been issuing instructions to state governments and Union Territories from time to time to take sustained action to detect foreign nationals, including Bangladeshi nationals, staying illegally in the country.As many as 32 Foreign Tribunals under the provisions of the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, have also been constituted in Assam for detention of illegal migrants and foreigners. The issue of illegal migrants from Bangladesh also figured prominently in the recent talks between the heads of Border Security Force and Bangladesh Rifles in Delhi. Steps Ought to be Taken: The following ar e some steps which can be taken to put an end to the illegal immigration in the country from Bangaldesh. Diplomatic Effort – India has to make diplomatic effort to get Bangladesh to cooperate as illegal migration cannot be solved in an effective manner unless sending country cooperates. Sharing of digital database of its citizens will make it easier. * Financial Incentives: India should think of offering illegal migrants financial incentives in the form of liberal trade regime, an infusion of aid and investment. * Coercive Diplomacy- The action of security forces should clearly convey to the illegal migrants that they would face greater danger if they try to cross the border. Better Border Management- Fencing, construction of border roads and proper management of border will make a difference * Use better Indo-Bangladesh relations- Both the countries have better relations and both side should demarcate remaining 6. 5 km of the border and the areas in adverse possession should be negotiated and form well defined border * Unique Identification Number (UID) scheme – Compilation of data is likely to reduce the comfort level of fresh illegal migrants. Bar from Voting rights- Bangladeshi who are already in could be allowed to work but should not be allowed to vote and this will diminish their ability to influence government decisions by being a political force. CONCLUSION The illegal Bangladeshi migration was not the core focus of the government but it has been forced to take a close look at the problem as the terror incidents grew in intensity and frequency. India must go for better border management and effective record keeping of its nationals so that outsiders are easily identified and discouraged from infiltrating.

African Traditional Literature Essay

Indigenous literature whether oral or written is the cultural heritage of most societies. Unfortunately, African traditional literature overtime has been treated as something inferior to their Western counterparts. But to a large extent, both traditional African literature and their European counterparts have similar socio-artistic values. Both express interest in the events happening in their society because they recognize their role as social barometer, hence, they need to express themselves properly to their audience no matter the language they use. African traditional literature shares a lot with similar literature from other parts of the world. More recent studies have indeed revealed that the old view that rural societies are not capable of producing elegant literature expressing the responses of men in an advanced culture to events around them is no longer tenable. This view was upheld by Westerners who studied traditional African literature with racial prejudice. They believed that African culture was still struggling for elementary problem of existence and was yet to attain the level of civilization that will facilitate the pursuit of literary achievement. But this view was met with a lot of controversial criticisms, as African Scholars began to argue the importance of African traditional literature in the literary world, stressing the fact that traditional literature is not only relevant, but should also be accorded a literary status in the literary world. Their reasons being that African literature perform certain functions in the society; the noticeable variety in the existing genre and; the competent evidence in the elegant use of language exhibited in the cause of performance with the resultant aesthetic effect, and with time, African traditional literature began to be accepted. But it was not wholly accepted by these Europeans. They began to employ their foreign concepts in the critical evaluation of African traditional literature. They believed that Africans do not possess adequate tools for the appraisal and evaluation of their literature. Hence, they began to employ these foreign approaches in the study of African traditional literature.

Understanding The Meaning Of Love - 954 Words

What is love? Many people do not know the meaning of love, they think that it is what we feel but it’s what we do that demonstrates love. (Deem, 2011). There are many ways to express your love to your family or friends but there is one true love, God. I will be discussing the biblical meaning of love and what God wants us to apply to ourselves to have healthy relationships by representing his love to others. There are four types of love which are Forge, Eros, Philia and Agape. (Wellman, 2014) Forge is family love as in love for your parents, siblings, and children. (Wellman, 2014). According to Merriam Webster the meaning is â€Å"Parental affection; the instinctive affection which animals have for their young.† Parents manifest this love by providing their family members with shelter, protection, and financial needs. Older brothers demonstrate this love by providing support and protection to their younger siblings especially if they are being bullied or mistreated. In Proverbs 31:15-17 you see the love of a mother towards her whole household, it states â€Å"She gets up before dawn to prepare breakfast for her household and plan the day’s work for her servant girls. She goes to inspect a field and buys it; with her earnings she plants a vineyard. She is energetic and strong, a hard worker.† (NLT). The love between a man and a woman which is sensual love, acceptable in marriage is Eros. (Wellman, 2014). There are many people that practice this type of love outside of marriage which isShow MoreRelatedLove Life Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesis the true meaning of love? Most people can define the meaning of love in a very poetic way, yet often it can be mistaken with lust. In â€Å"The Love of My Life† by J.C. Boyle, Jeremy and China seem to be incapable of understanding the meaning of true love; they are two immature people who have a deviant perception of love. The feeling between Jeremy and China is merely their sexual desire. 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Essay on Drug Discrimination - 708 Words

Drug Discrimination The legalization of marijuana is just as heated as it has been since the 1930s when it was first outlawed(Marijuana). Marijuana is a name given to any drugs made from the hemp plant, Cannabis(Grolier). To legalize or not to legalize is the question that has been plaguing politicians and no one knows the answer. It is a burning issue that just won’t go away like many had wished it would when it started. Nothing has been this heated since the alcohol prohibition in the 1920s. Why should people have the right to use something that is as bad to your health as marijuana? Well if you look at it millions of people smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol and that is legal, so why not marijuana too? 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Building A Compliance Regulation Plan - 1149 Words

Building a Compliance Regulation Plan Many regulations exist for various facets of corporate industries. Compliance plans in a health industry exist to ensure that any program created by a healthcare provider follow regulations to avoid abuse of information. Compliance planning for healthcare providers has become essential to protecting practices. As we have recently acquired a hospital group we should work to build a compliance plan, and the safeguards needed to keep information secure. Important Components of a Compliance Plan In order to have effective compliance, we should start by identifying the current structure of the hospital group compliance plan and build from there. I have to assume that there is already a compliance plan in†¦show more content†¦These standards need to be clearly conveyed as to enable all staff to fully understand the principles that define our practice. We should be clearly communicating our desire to see dedication, loyalty, and ethical behavior in the workplace. It is one thing to have a plan, and an entirely other to enforce it. With the new plans, procedures, and standards in place, we will need officers who uphold compliance with the plan (Glasel D., 2007; Health Network Solutions, n.d.). The enforcers of the plan will need to validate that the staff comply with our compliance plan, and that the plans are effective in use. This will include monitoring systems, and frequent audits. The monitoring systems will allow our enforcers to actually review if and how well the plan is being carried out. These officers will undoubtedly need training, but training is something that can extend to all members of staff. The communication of our plans cannot be ignored if we provide training to enforce understanding. It is vital that the members of our group understand why they are expected to follow the compliance plan. We should aspire to have our staff feel as though they are actively involved and trusted by the company. Education is the best way to provide comfort in carrying out our policies. On the topic of comfort, we should also find a way to encourage the staff to report misconduct and incidents they believe to be questionable to our

Cloning Essay Research Paper Should Humans Be free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Should Humans Be Cloned? Human embryo cloning should non be done because of the spiritual, moral, ethical, and societal concerns that it places upon the human race. Although there may besome positive affects to cloning worlds, there are far excessively many opposing factors in thissituation. Many spiritual leaders of expressed their concern and disapprobation of humancloning. The moral and ethical facets outweigh any scientific grounds, and the socialconcerns are scaring. The most of import inquiry that needs to be asked, is whetherthe additions out weigh the losingss # 8211 ; the additions being scientific research and the losingss being thereligious, moral, ethical, and societal concerns that it poses on today s society. A ringer, as defined in The Human Genome Project, is ; 1. a population ofgenetically indistinguishable unicellular beings or viruses originating from consecutive replicationsof a individual hereditary unicellular being or virus. 2. a recombinant ringer. 3. thefragment of foreign DNA contained in each member of a recombinant ringer. 4. apopulation of indistinguishable cells originating from the civilization of a individual cell of a certain type, such as a human fibroblast or a rodent-human loanblend cell incorporating a full set of rodentchromosomes and a individual human chromosome. Human embryo cloning starts with astandard in vitro fertilisation process. Sperm and an egg cell are assorted together on aglass dish. After construct, the fertilized ovum ( fertilized egg ) is allowed to develop into ablastula ( a hollow mass of cells ) . The fertilized ovum divides foremost into two cells, so four, theneight # 8230 ; A chemical is added to the dish to take the zone pellucida covering ; thismaterial provides foods to the cells to advance cell division. With the coveringremoved, the blastosphere is divided into single cells which are deposited on individualdishes. They are so coated with an unreal zone pellucida and allowed to split a nddevelop. That is how a human embryo ringer is made utilizing the twinning method. Some scientists believe that human embryo cloning and related research can havesome positive consequences, nevertheless, many spiritual leaders feel that cloning and relatedresearch should non be permitted. Religion and scientific discipline have been involved in an ongoingbattle over many topics in the past, but human embryo cloning has caused the biggestdebate therefore far. Many spiritual doctrines teach that human life is alone and specialand should be created, determined and controlled merely by their divinities. Many religionsbelieve in the being of, and in the individualism of, a human psyche. Some people, peculiarly Evangelical Christians and Roman Catholics believe that a psyche enters thebody at the blink of an eye of construct, and the fertilized egg cell is in fact a human being. Dividing that babe in half would interfere with God s purpose. And the many clonedzygotes that died after a fe w cell divisions would be lost human existences ; their loss isconsidered every bit serious as the decease of a new born babe. These same conservativeChristians would besides be distressed at the usage of cloning to weed out genetically defectivefertilized egg cells. The process would ensue in the violent death of one of the ringers duringthe familial testing. Since they regard all of the ringers as separate human existences, thiswould be slaying. The Church of Scotland has extensively studied facets of cloning. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland has passed a gesture to reaffirm theirbelief in the basic self-respect and singularity of each human being under God. They expressthe strongest possible resistance to the cloning of human existences and impulse to press for acomprehensive international pact to censor it worldwide. Jeremy Rifkin, president of theFoundation on Economic Trends in Washington DC, leads a alliance of 300 religiousand moralss organisations from around the universe. He proposes a world-wide prohibition oncloning, stating it should transport a punishment on a par with colza, kid maltreatment, and slaying. Aside from the spiritual facet, human cloning has brought up many moral andethical inquiries. The National Institute of Health set up a medical panel to organize apreliminary set of guidelines to assist bridge the spread between scientists and society. Theyrecommend that research be permitted on preexisting embryos. The embryos would beallowed to develop up to and including the 14th twenty-four hours. The panel suggested that the research be permitted after the fourt eenth day of development depending on thecircumstances, but definitely not after the eighteenth day , when the neural tube closurebegins. The neural tube is the beginning of the nervous system, including the brain inadult humans. The experiments that the panel recommended to be banned includeimpregnating human embryos in other animal species, impregnating cloned embryos intohumans, the use of embryos for sex selection, or the transfer of one nucleus from oneembryo to another. Some individuals have expressed social concerns about cloning. We live in asociety where people are willing to do all kinds of things for money. A type of blackmarket for embryos could easily develop. Parents already spend a great deal of money onin vitro fertilization, who knows how much they would be willing to pay for cloning theirchildren? Shannon Brownlee of US News World Report claims, A bizarrepossibility to consider is that a woman conceived from a split embryo could give birth toher own twin. This po ssibility only begins the crazy affects that cloning can have onsociety. What would one think if they were walking down the street and they saw amother and her children walking side by side and they were identical looking just ofdifferent ages. Just think, how would you explain the concept of cloning to yourchildren? What if a country were to finance a program similar to that of Nazi Germanywhereby humans were bed to maximize certain traits. Once the perfect human wasdeveloped, embryo cloning could be used to replicate that individual and conceivablyproduce unlimited numbers of clones. The same approach could be used to create agenetic underclass for exploitation: e.g. individuals with sub-normal intelligence andabove normal strength. Richard Seed, a physicist from Illinois, is attempting to establisha human cloning clinic. He claimed on January 7, 1998 that he was 90% complete inhiring a team of experts to attempt the cloning of a human being, following theexperiments of Dolly. If successful, the resultant child would have identical DNA toone of its parents. Louise Brown, a fertility expert who helped produce the first test-tubebaby in 1978 said, My first reaction is that here is somebody trying to make a quickbuck off of self-advertising, because of course there is no way you could make a clone ahuman being safely at this point. I think the man is clearly unhinged and I don t think heis to be taken seriously. Marion Bamewood, a member of the board of the AmericanSociety for Reproductive Medicine said, I have very serious reservations about cloninghuman beings. The society has declared a 5 year voluntary ban on cloning humans. Mr.Seed responded, I can t really answer the critics who think it s a bad idea. They ll neverbe persuaded. As far a I m concerned, they have rather small minds and a rather smallview of the world and a rather small view of God. In a 1997 CNN poll conducted among 1005 American adults has a margin oferror of 3%. They found: 89% felt that cloning humans was morally unacceptable 66% felt that cloning animals was morally unacceptable 69% is scared of the possibility of cloning humans 74% believe that human cloning is against God s will, 19% say that it is not. Not all of the effects of human cloning are negative. For instance, cloning couldproduce a reservoir of spare parts . Fertilized ovum s could be cloned into multiplezygotes; one could be implanted in the woman and allowed to develop into a normalbaby; the other zygotes could be frozen for future use. The question is, is the second twinobligated to give up a part of his body for his earlier twin? And what if the secondtwin has the same missing spare part ? In the event that the child require a bonemarrow transplant, one of the zygotes could be taken out of storage, implanted, allowedto mature to a baby and then contribute some of its spare bone marrow to its (earlier)identical twin. The question here is, What if the second twin also has defective bonemarrow, are b oth the twins to die? Also, cloning using the DNA from the cell of an adultwith the desired traits or talents might produce an infant with similar potential. Althoughthere are some positive effects of human cloning, the religious, moral, ethical, and socialconcerns far outweigh those of scientific evidence. We live in a highly intelligent andvery sensitive society. The possible harm that cloning could cause must never beoverlooked.