Niels Bohr and the Manhattan Project

Niels Bohr and the Manhattan Project Danish physicist, Niels Bohr won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. He was part of the group of scientists that invented the atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project. He worked on the Manhattan Project under the assumed name of Nicholas Baker for security reasons. Model of Atomic Structure Niels Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913. His theory was the first to present: that electrons traveled in orbits around the atoms nucleusthat the chemical properties of the element was largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbitsthat an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy Niels Bohr model of atomic structure became the basis for all future quantum theories. Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr In 1941, German scientist Werner Heisenberg made a secret and dangerous trip to Denmark to visit his former mentor, physicist Niels Bohr. The two friends had once worked together to split the atom until World War II divided them. Werner Heisenberg worked on a German project to develop atomic weapons, while Niels Bohr worked on the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic bomb. Biography 1885 - 1962 Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 7, 1885. His father was Christian Bohr, Professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his mother was Ellen Bohr. Niels Bohr Education In 1903, he entered Copenhagen University to study physics. He received his Masters degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctors degree in 1911. While still a student he was awarded a gold medal from the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, for his experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets. Professional Work Awards As a post-doctoral student, Niels Bohr worked under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge and studied under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester, England. Inspired by Rutherfords theories of atomic structure, Bohr published his revolutionary model of atomic structure in 1913. In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen. In 1920, he was named director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ​for recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. In 1926, Bohr became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and received the Royal Society Copley Medal in 1938. The Manhattan Project During World War II, Niels Bohr fled Copenhagen to escape Nazis prosecution under Hitler. He traveled to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work as a consultant for the Manhattan Project. After the war, he returned to Denmark. He became an advocate for the peaceful use of nuclear power.

The Art of Knowing Where to Buy Papers Written Well How to Spot a Fishy Scam

The Art of Knowing Where to Buy Papers Written Well How to Spot a Fishy Scam The Art of Knowing Where to Buy Papers Written Well: How to Spot a Fishy Scam Deciding to buy a model paper is an easy decision. The next step is deciding where to buy an academic paper. It would be a shame to waste your money on low quality writing that doesn’t meet your requirements, or the worst, a paper that contains plagiarism.   It is important to be vigilant and steer clear of fishy companies that promise the moon, but may not deliver what they say they will.   So, how can you spot a scam when deciding where to buy your paper? Here are some telltale signs: Sloppy Design and/or Errors in the Web Page A company website represents that company to the world and should be free of grammar errors, bad design and other unprofessional elements. If you see any of these when surfing the site intending to purchase a paper, beware. Consider the website quality as an accurate representation of the paper they will deliver and order accordingly.   Lack of Supervisor to Oversee the Writing Process You should investigate the structure of the writing company where you plan to buy your academic paper. Is it a one man show, or is there a team in place to offer support continually? If you should receive a paper that is unsatisfactory, do you have a means to escalate the issue to a supervisor if necessary? Companies that work in teams or beneficial to clients because they can offer more support and since they are accountable to each other, they are more likely to resolve any issues that arise. Payment Upfront This one should be seen as a red flag because you are initiating a relationship with an online company you have not built trust yet. If they ask you to pay up front, how can you be sure they will actually deliver the paper, or mediate any problems or revisions you need? Reputable writing companies will not ask for payment in advance or any other personal information, so be cautious. Poor Grammar and Incorrect or Odd Usage of English Take the time to skim sample papers and all website copy to pick up on poor grammar and odd/incorrect usage of English. If the company doesn’t bother to insure their own public facing website is perfect, you can bet they won ´t put that effort into your paper. Negative Reviews This tip is key. Research the writing company and try to read reviews from previous customers. Be sure to take note of the reviews and see if there are any odd patterns, such as all the reviews say the same thing, or the reviews are vague, or poorly written. This may be an indication the reviews are fake or were paid. Look for specific, detailed reviews of the company that give you assurance of the quality the company provides. If not, move on to another company. As the saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, and in a weird way this applies when deciding where to buy your academic essay. Take the small amount of time before hand to insure good results and avoid spending time later fixing a mess.

Maksim Litvinov And Soviet Foreign Policy During The 1930s Essay

Maksim Litvinov And Soviet Foreign Policy During The 1930s - Essay Example When the party separated into two factions, he joined the Bolsheviks faction and formed a strong bond with several party members; one of these was Joseph Stalin (Roberts, 1953). Subsequently, Litvinov spent the next fifteen years journeyed west Europe on varying tasks to instill and strengthen the Bolshevik ideology. He adopted many guises and aliases to help him steer clear of the police. Among his errands were smuggling guns to aid revolutionaries in Russia. He was arrested in Paris in 1907 after a bank heist masterminded by Stalin. Though many of his attempts to help the cause were unsuccessful, hid unwavering and constant labors made him a hero in the eyes of his comrades (Roberts, 1953). After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution concluded, Litvinov campaigned the cause in Britain but was expulsed because of the British discontent over the treatment of compatriot Bruce Lockhart in Moscow. In addition, he was also evicted from Britain because of his pacifist beliefs. After returning to Moscow, he was given the position of Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. He handled many significant and high-profile assignments for his government, notably bringing the Soviet-Estonian clashes to a standstill and initiating talks with the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson (Roberts, 1953). Four years after his assignation, he was promoted to deputy commissar of foreign affairs in 1921, under the eye of Georgi ChicherinLitvinov's relationship with Chicherin were turbulent, as they both held opposing views on policies, as well as having contrasting and strong personalities. In spite of this, Litvinov's career as a diplomat flourished under Chicherin, whom he served for almost a decade. In 1928, he initiated proposals focusing on total disarmament, instead of following standard formulas or ratios favored by the USSR. He later became the commissar when his superior, Chicherin, was forced to retire due to ill health (Roberts, 1953). CAREER HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS In many standards and principles, Litvinov deserved his place in Soviet history because of the degree of successes he garnered in the name of his country which also played and have a huge impact on other nations. When Hitler ascended to power through the powerhouse generated by his Nazi Party, Litvinov immediately recognized the significance of this event (Dunn, 1988). In 1933, he spoke of a need to change the direction of Soviet foreign policy to counteract the influence of Nazi Germany under Hitler. He managed these changes through the establishment of diplomatic contact with the United States and other Western powers. He was also instrumental in the institutionalization of the League of Nations, the predecessor of the United Nations. His conviction in resisting and containing fascism was well-known. In addition, his name was etched in the global spheres when he became the proponent of collective security (Dunn, 1988). TRADE AGREEMENTS FOR SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY AND GOVERNMENT RECOGNITION When Stalin came into power, he restructured USSR's policies towards foreign trade in order to abolish and curtail free and private trade practices. In anticipation of the irregular and what he deemed disruptive market forces that come with foreign trade, Stalin placed all activity and policies on foreign trade under state control. In addition, Stalin created monopolies on particular goods, with

A Consultant's Report - Written on a fictitious Bank Essay

A Consultant's Report - Written on a fictitious Bank - Essay Example It was found that only one project for development was being investigated by the XYZ Bank. The other two major projects requiring investigation were pending for the routine board decision to be taken. There is an investigation mechanism which needs to be followed by the XYZ Bank. As per the mechanism process, the bank is supposed to investigate whether the development project funded by it is harming the interests of the local communities where the project is going to take place. The XYZ Bank has made a declaration of the same intent that it will disclose all relevant information to bring transparency in its operations for accountability purpose. P&P Consulting found that there was lack of transparency in the functioning of the XYZ Bank; no timelines were fixed to finish investigations. Stakeholders were worried over the slow process of investigation. P&P Consulting saw an opportunity in the said case knowing the crucial role that the bank was supposed to play in the lives of people w ho had to vacate the adjoining lands, and requested compensation. P&P Consulting found flaws in the systems of working calling immediate attention of the concerned stakeholders – the Bank’s President and Board of Directors. Steps taken included: P&P Consulting found that three claims were pending decision by the XYZ Bank. Claim for Golf Link project had been pending for the last seven years, awaiting decision. Rests of the two cases are fresh claims filed with the bank. These cases will test the current operational mechanism of the bank and we are not optimistic that the bank will pass the test. The Golf Links claim describes both the transparency and the timing issues. The affected people contacted the bank requesting an inquiry on August 11th, 2002. Yet, the inquiry was not ordered until July 2004, about two years late when the request for it was filed with the bank. The limit was crossed by not responding back to the claimants about what

Gender Equality Essay Example for Free

Gender Equality Essay Paying more attention to the differences between boys and girls, or men and women, starts getting people to have many ideas about them. The question remains whether we should ignore them or not. I don’t blame the family in the rural Canada for making the girl feel like she’s nothing more than just a girl, because simply these people there could be ignorant. There is a difference of course between men and women, but not that one is inferior to the other, rather as equal but distinct beings. Right before writing my opinion about boys and girls, I asked my dad whether he though there was a difference, and that maybe a girl is a girl because of influence and experience. He told me how he used to take my sister and me to Toys‘r’Us when we were small. He would bring us to what he thought were the cool toys such as mechanical gadgets and how we wouldn’t even look at them and directly walk off like zombies to the Barbie section. This explains how maybe it is in our genes, which bring off a kind of barrier, a difference between a boy, and a girl. Now maybe feminists take it a little to the extreme about female rights, but isn’t that because people (mostly men) have taken the difference between boys and girls to an extent where they forget about equality and what woman are really capable of doing? I still believe that there are many ways of stereotyping men and women these days, even as distinct as they were in the rural Canada in the selection. It is possible, but I believe the more educated we are, the less we will care about whether we are a man or a woman. In some countries, it is the communities’ traditions which still give to men more rights and privileges than to women. This is mostly because people in those areas are not yet socially evolved to the Western level. For example, in Saudi Arabia woman wont dare revolt or express their ideas of what’s really unfair or unethical to them or not. We need to stop buying into the myth about gender equality. It isnt a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only 77 percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change. Men have to demand that their wives, daughters, mothers and sisters earn more—commensurate with their qualifications and not their gender. Equality will be achieved when men and women are granted equal pay and equal respect. Humanity requires both men and women, and we are equally important and need one another. So why are we viewed as less than equal? These old attitudes are drilled into us from the very beginning. We have to teach our boys the rules of equality and respect, so that as they grow up, gender equality becomes a natural way of life. And we have to teach our girls that they can reach as high as humanly possible. We have a lot of work to do, but we can get there if we work together. Women are more than 50 percent of the population and more than 50 percent of the voters. We must demand that we all receive 100 percent of the opportunities.

How Coal Is Formed :: Research Essays

How Coal Is Formed Coal is a very important fossil fuel. Without coal, steel would never have been invented and could have changed my life dramatically. The reason for this is because I am from Pittsburgh. At one point in time Pittsburgh was the leading producer of steel, and even had the nickname â€Å"The Steel City.† During the early 1900’s, steel factories were the main source of an income for people living in Pittsburgh. Working in these steel factories has been a part of my family’s past, since three generations of my family have been part of the steel industry. Therefore coal is somewhat a part of me and learning about what coal and how it is formed fascinates me. The first step in the formation of coal is the build up decomposed plant debris known as peat. Peat is a complex hydrocarbon that is the building block for coal. There are several factors that influence the formation of peat. The first two factors are â€Å"the evolutionary development of plant life† and the climate conditions. Conditions have to be warm enough to produce plants, and have a sufficient amount of moisture to allow plants to decompose and protect the peat. The last factor consists of the physical circumstances of the area, which include locations of bodies of water and â€Å"rates of subsidence or uplift† (Coal 2005). During a particular humid climate of the Carboniferous Period (360 to 286 million years ago), large tropical trees, ferns, and other plants constructed the great amount of areas that make up the coal beds of today (Peat 2005). The best conditions for coal to form are slow, constant subsidence, levees, beaches, and bars which give protection, and a limited supply of sediments that would stop peat formation (Coal 2005). With these conditions, the plant matter is able to build up. Bacterial decay through microorganisms begins to occur and peat is formed. Note that much of plant matter that lies on the surface of the Earth is never converted to peat because of organic decomposition and natural fires (Coal 2005). When this occurs closer to the surface and oxygen is available, an aerobic process occurs producing gaseous and liquid products.

Positive effects of video games on children Essay

The video games are well known for their anti-social and violent influence in our children’s attitudes. But some research has proven that these negative effects are due to the children’s excessive playing time, and more and more studies are being made to prove that the video games can be an excellent tool for children’s hand-eye coordination, their problem solving and analytical skills, and they can also help children in the social domain. We can see some really good positive effects of video games on our children. The first one would be the improvement of the hand-eye coordination. A player has to watch on the screen while simultaneously, he is pushing the button of his joystick to make moves. It also increases the speed, the agility of a person to respond to a stimulus, and moreover, it helps to improve the motor capacity of a person. We can specially illustrate this idea with the console wii, which has been released and built a couple of years ago by the brand Nintendo. With its new gaming system, the wii has revolutionned the world of the video games. Before the wii came out, the gaming system consisted only of pushing on a couple of buttons in order to make the moves in the game. But the concept of the wii is different, it consists of producing our own movement with the remote of the wii in order to make the moves in the game. It has been so successful, that even some hospitals are using the wii to hill, to re-educate the persons who suffer from some kind of cardiac accidents, cerebral accidents, or just to re-educate the people who had an operation. Another impressive positive effect of the video games is that they allow somehow, the children to improve their problem-solving, management, analytical and additional skills without children even realizing it. The need for these skills are obvious for a player because sometimes, even the most simple game ( like a shooter game ).

EcoRes is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors

The object of Eco-Res project is to achieve a goal of energy saving in five years by taking technology measures in student accommodation. This technology management report will give a roadmap of where the future of Eco-Res project lie. The following parts will be included in this report: †¢ Current technology solutions in the energy saving area. †¢ How to make changes happen? The key drivers in the change management. †¢ What factors might stop in the process of Eco-Res project. †¢ Different types of changes and how to achieve them. †¢ The main risks might exist in Eco-Res project. †¢ Some strategy recommendations and other related information. Overview of technology roadmap for the next 5 years Currently, the energy usage in University mainly depend on the traditional energy source. For next 5 years, these goals should be achieved: †¢ Reduce energy consumption by students and staff living on campus by 30% over the next five years. †¢ Make additional savings greater than investment to develop further environmental activities over time. 1. Technology solution indicating leader or technology follower Eco-Res is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors. Technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project should enable students and staff who reside on campus to monitor and reduce their residential usage. In order to achieve the target of energy saving, some renewable energy technology should be used in Eco-Res project. Considerable technology solutions are listed below. Solar photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation into electricity, and in this way, solar photovoltaic system can produce energy for daily life usage. Solar thermal technology mainly collect the heat from the Sun by solar collectors, and transfer heat by hot water. Solar power is a kind of green energy which can be installed easily and widely in student accommodation. Wind power can be utilized by wind turbine. A wind turbine plays a role of converting wind energy into mechanical energy. Different type of wind turbine can be used according to different circumstances. Another technology solution is LED installation. By installing LED lights, a large amount of energy bills can be saved. Cycle by cycle laundry equipment could also be considered as a technology solution. Biomass is another technology solution can be considered. Biomass can either be used directed or convert into other energy forms. Garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases and alcohol fuels are the main resources of biomass. 1. Type of change management required – key drivers This section will summarize the most important drivers of change management. In Eco-Res project, the main change management drivers lie in strategic change, technology change, change forces and human resource. Figure Nature of change (Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999) This picture shows the type of change model. From the aspect of Eco-Res project, the main drivers of this technology change are increasing desire of energy (Incremental) and low energy efficiency (Transformation), therefore, Eco-Res project is an evolution. Staffordshire University, adapted from Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999, Exploring Strategic Change, Prentice Hall. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141228200251.png Source: adapted from Johnson & Scholes, 1999, Exploring Corporate Strategy, p.511 From the change style model produced by Johnson & Scholes (1999), the Eco-Res needs transformational change, therefore, the direction style strategic should be applied to the project. The key driver to this change management is the â€Å"use of authority to set direction and means of change†. Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-36977-0p.96. In technology change, it will be very necessary to respond to change according to Mousetrap Theory. According to the functional theory of Henri Fayol (Morgen Witzel, 2003), in technology change management, there were planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling. In technology management today, there should also have forecasting. By applying the functional theory to Eco-Res project, the key drivers can be summarized as follow: †¢ Make a complete project plan for recommended technology solutions in Eco-Res project. †¢ Appropriate organization of Eco-Res project. †¢ Make a Gantt chart of Eco-Res project to command it. †¢ Arrange different specialized people on different role in Eco-Res project. †¢ By setting up milestones in the project plan to control the process. †¢ Get to know the future of the technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project. 1958 – J. March & H Simon organisations (New York, John Wiles & Sons, 1958) From the respect of internal pressures, Eco-Res project need to fulfil the requirements of energy saving raised up by stakeholders. From the respect of external pressures, more and more benefits of renewable energy appeared recent years. For example, government supports and marketing benefits. Market pull and technology push like renewable technology becoming more important in energy market and more and more renewable energy can be realized in daily life are the promotion elements of Eco-Res project. From the perspective of human resource in managing change, different role plays different part in the change management. First of all, as the change agent in Eco-Res project, this entity should made a long-term strategic plan for this project. As the strategic leadership in Eco-Res project, this role should ensure every process of the project going well to achieve the goal of energy saving. As middle managers, these people contribute to Eco-Res project as gate players. The middle managers should convey the view from the top manager and reflect the feedbacks from the lower managers, and they also control the implementation of Eco-Res project. 3. Resistance to change Common reasons for resistance Topic Reasoning Self-interest For students themselves, Eco-Res project do not provide direct benefits. Disagreement Do not trust Eco-Res project can achieve the goal of energy saving. On the other hand, students may think too much time and money will be spent on this project. Remuneration Through the period of Eco-Res project, the reward of work may change, but because of the contract, the remuneration will not change, therefore, staff involved in this project may not satisfied with this. Fear New technology may exist some risks during installation and usage. Misunderstanding The target of Eco-Res project may not be expressed clearly. Habit Students and staff live on campus may like to stick to traditional habit, and refuse to involve in Eco-Res project. Culture People from different cultural background may have different view of energy saving. Indifference Not all students and staff concern about environmental problem. Forcefield Analysis (Lewin, 1951) Organizational resistance Topic Reasoning Existing Structure Hierarchical and flattened relationship as an existing structure may make things more difficult in new technology management. Power Bases Specific power bases are necessary like budget controls, autocratic or not and stakeholder mapping. Culture Different ways of dealing with different technology management. Planning Technology roadmap including mission, vision, forecast, firefighting, reactive, resources and rewards made specifically for Eco-Res project is necessary. Training Staff involved in Eco-Res project should be trained before the start point. Resources Human resources and material resources should be considered properly. Incentives Too much or too little incentives will be the resistance element in Eco-Res project. Proper incentives can inspire staff work harder. History There were some energy saving project before Eco-Res project, and there also exists some traditional solutions may affect the innovation in Eco-Res project. Cultural Web (Johnson et al, 2005) Lewin K. (1951) ‘Field Theory in Social Science', Harper and Row, New York. 4. Hard and/or Soft system changes In hard system changes, there are different technology solutions and installation of the renewable energy equipment. In soft system changes, the main point is cultural change of the organization. From the culture web of organization (Johnson et al, 2005) Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy’, Prentice-Hall,Harlow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141230043225.png 5. Major risks or downsides for the initiative Risk spreadsheet Risk likelihood impact Mitigation options Wrong estimation of the process duration medium large Keep working on the wrong estimation process and get another independent process begin at the same time. Underproduction of the energy saving project’s task medium large Increase duration of the task and rearrange the project process arrangement. Cost overspend (variable components prices) large large Look for other investors and build cooperation, or negotiate more investment from existed investors. Decrease of government subsidization medium small Increase the efficient of the energy saving project to save cost. Equipment failure in usage medium Medium-large Establish maintenance team and fix the equipment immediately. Variables of weather Medium large Backup the electricity usage by using existing grid to power up. Failure of installation of facilities Reference Market strategy for Eco-Res solution Executive Summary This report proposed a market strategy to promote and encourage use of the Eco-Res solution by University students living on campus. 1. Market research The purposes of Eco-Res project market research are identified as: †¢ Get to know the attitudes of students and staff on campus towards Eco-Res project. †¢ Determine promising students and target markets (on campus) for Eco-Res project. †¢ Help make market segmentation by doing a survey about how students behave to achieve energy saving. †¢ Recommend a most acceptable renewable energy technology from the market research, and also investigate an acceptable cost for Eco-Res project. Both Internet-based and mail-based surveys were implemented to assess the awareness and attitudes of students and staff on campus towards emerging renewable technologies. And the methodology of the Eco-Res market research is: †¢ Aim at students and staff live on campus. †¢ Developmentally market researches should be designed to determine the target market more accurately. The overall key findings of the present market researches are: †¢ Most students and staff who participated in the market researches are quite concerned with energy saving, and they think more improvement of energy saving should be made in the University of York. †¢ Solar PV is the most acceptable technology in energy saving area. †¢ As for daily life behaviour, most students and staff have more or less energy saving habits. The gaps of present market researches are: †¢ The most questions in the questionnaires are about the general awareness of energy saving, further investment about Eco-Res project should be done. †¢ Researches about personal and general information about students should be done to get to know the customers of Eco-Res project better. 1. Motivation theory To make students and staff living on campus get involved in Eco-Res project, some motivation theories should be applied to increase the amount of participation. Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs A combination of Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs model and Self-Efficacy theory could be applied to Eco-Res project, specifically, the esteem and actualization part could be combined with the Self-Efficacy theory. Eco-Res project fulfil the requirement of energy, therefore, the physical stage has been achieved. The energy usage in daily life can be guaranteed in Eco-Res project. Safety as a basic requirement in energy usage can also be a fundamental assurance. In the aspect of Love/Belonging, an association of Eco-Res project can be established to make students aware of their contribution to school energy saving. By involving in this visible association, a feeling of belonging is growing, and Eco-Res project will not just a school project. The combination part is the most import part in motivating students and staff. In order to let students feel respected, every student involved in Eco-Res project should be connected by email and text, and special services for membership should be established. Different school events like renewable energy introduction and practice of installing renewable energy equipment should be held. By these kind experiences, students on campus will get the meaning of Eco-Res project. Elective courses can be set up to coach students in behaviours of energy saving in daily life and also introduce the value of Eco-Res project. At the same time, speeches about energy saving or some green topic speech competition can be held in order to increase the concern of energy saving between students. Bandura – Self-Efficacy Theory Ajzen – Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985) From the model of Planed Behaviour theory, it can be proven that a complete plan of Eco-Res project is very important. By providing a specific progress to students on campus, the feeling of everything is under control can be established. c. Market segmentation Marketing is the heart of a successful technology project like Eco-Res project. In order to convey the information efficiently and effectively, a considerable way is based on marketing segmentation. Market segmentation is defined as â€Å"dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require separate products or marketing mixes† (Armstrong. G. and Kotler. P. 2005). There are many different ways to divide market, and the Determinants of Consumer Behaviour model (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) could be referenced for market segmentation. From the perspective of behavioural segmentation, a survey about Eco-Res project produced by Rachel Bate showed that most students and staff on campus have the habit of saving energy. The Defra research (James Murray, 2008) could be a reference for Eco-Res project marketing segmentation, and the Defra research produced a great method of dividing behavioural segmentation. However, different level of concern lead to different frequency of behaviour. The types of consumer behaviour (Doyle and Stern, 2006) showed the theory support of behavioural segmentation. Therefore, the target group in behavioural segmentation first comes to students and staff who have very good energy saving habits. Students and staff who are not concerned about energy saving could be the emphasis of promotion. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopmotivation.png Types of Consumer Behavior (Doyle and Stern, 2006) Students and staff from different economic circumstances could also be a way of segmentation. People from low-income household may value more about energy saving, since Eco-Res project could bring a great saving of energy bills. However, in Eco-Res project, there may exist cost to get involved in this project. Students and staff from higher income family also have a tendency to join Eco-Res project considering the cost and benefit from this project. Therefore, an appropriate cost for Eco-Res project and an announcement of the money could be saved from this project are required. In the aspect of demographic segmentation, students and staff may have different view of Eco-Res project because of different age, occupations and educational levels. A market research from group 6 showed that people who have higher educational levels concern more about energy saving. A deeper market research should be made to show how age and occupations affect people’s tendency to take part in Eco-Res project. This research could also include survey about students from different countries and different colleges. In this way, the demographic segmentation could combine with geographic segmentation. For example, if the market research shows that both postgraduate students and students from other countries concern a lot about energy saving, then the Wentworth College could become a target market. d. The marketing mix The 4 Ps Marketing Mix (McCarthy, 1960) comprises: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. The classic elements offer a useful matrix to assess Eco-Res project. Eco-Res initiatives should address each of the 4Ps. While Eco-Res project do not control the technology and installation, the success of this project is only linked to the success of getting students and staff involving into this project. The most important goal of this marketing strategy is building a strong customer base for renewable energy technology usage in their dormitories. The 4Ps of Eco-Res project are defined as below. For marketing purposes, Eco-Res project can evaluate the product from the perspective of consumers’ rational and emotional attitudes towards energy saving. These attitudes affect the desire to get involved in this project. The brand name is Eco-Res, and the value of this project is to save energy and develop more environmental friendly projects. In Ansoff Matrix model, Eco-Res project in the University of York belongs to product development. In product development, Eco-Res project should develop plans to fulfil the target market segments. In order to build a sustaining Picture Ansoff Matrix (Ansoff, 1957) brand for Eco-Res project, the value of energy saving in this project should be showed to appeal the target students and staff who are interested in energy saving in the behavioural segmentation. In order to express Eco-Res project better, a logo was designed as follow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktoplogo.png Picture logo Price is one of the biggest barriers to growing the energy saving marketing, and Eco-Res project should be addressed to help overcome customer price concerns. Eco-Res project has a merit of saving the energy bills for students and school, which could make accommodation fee per week cheaper compared with non-Eco-Res buildings. Different prices should be developed to appeal to students and staff in different economic circumstances. For example, customers can choose the LED installation plan only or both LED installation plan and solar PV installation plan. Different choices come with different prices, and a list of cost and maintenance fee should be produced. Place should be considered through the building of a strong supplier network. This supplier network should ensure students can easily find different part of Eco-Res project. In other words, this project should be visible. In place strategy, Eco-Res project can use website, referral systems and fixed places in target colleges. An Eco-Res project website should be established to help students and staff on campus know the Eco-Res solution better. A general introduction about Eco-Res, the benefits of Eco-Res and the way to get involved in Eco-Res should be showed on the website. Another way of place strategy is by email. In target colleges which showed large interest in Eco-Res project from market research, messages about Eco-Res should be emailed to the students and staff in these colleges. Referral and information desks should also be set in these targeted colleges. Promotion behaviour of Eco-Res project should be presented to ensure the right messages are conveyed. Exhibitions about Eco-Res project can be held in these targeted colleges, and at the same time, direct advertising by post or door-drop could be down. Social media (like Twitter and Facebook etc.) promotion between students and staff is also necessary. On school journals in University of York, the accurate target and value of Eco-Res project should be introduced.

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization The Nasca (sometimes spelled Nazca outside of archaeological texts) Early Intermediate Period [EIP] civilization was located in the Nazca region as defined by the Ica and Grande river drainages, on the southern coast of Peru between about AD 1-750. Chronology The following dates are from Unkel et al. (2012). All dates are calibrated radiocarbon dates. Late Nasca AD 440-640Middle Nasca AD 300-440Early Nasca AD 80-300Initial Nasca   260 BC-80 ADLate Paracas 300 BC-100 Scholars perceive the Nasca as arising out of the Paracas culture, rather than an in-migration of people from another place. The early Nasca culture arose as a loosely-affiliated group of rural villages with self-sufficient subsistence based on corn agriculture. The villages had a distinctive art style, specific rituals, and burial customs. Cahuachi, an important Nasca ceremonial center, was built and became a focus of feasting and ceremonial activities. The Middle Nasca period saw many changes, perhaps brought about by a long drought. Settlement patterns and subsistence and irrigation practices changed, and Cahuachi became less important. By this time, the Nasca were a loose confederacy of chiefdomsnot with a centralized government, but rather autonomous settlements that regularly convened for rituals. By the Late Nasca period, increasing social complexity and warfare led to the movement of people away from the rural farmsteads and into a few larger sites. Culture The Nasca are known for their elaborate textile and ceramic art, including an elaborate mortuary ritual associated with warfare and the taking of trophy heads. More than 150 trophy heads have been identified at Nazca sites, and there are examples of burials of headless bodies, and burials of grave goods without human remains. Gold metallurgy in early Nasca times is comparable to Paracas culture: consisting of low-tech cold-hammered art objects. Some slag sites from copper smelting and other evidence suggest that by the late phase (Late Intermediate Period) the Nasca increased their technological knowledge. The Nasca region is an arid one, and the Nazca developed a sophisticated irrigation system that aided in their survival for so may centuries. The Nazca Lines The Nasca are probably best known to the public for the Nazca Lines, geometric lines and animal shapes etched into the desert plain by the members of this civilization. The Nazca lines were first intensively studied by the German mathemetician Maria Reiche and have been the focus of many silly theories concerning alien landing places. Recent investigations at Nasca include the Project Nasca/Palpa, a photogrammetric study from the Deutschen Archologischen Instituts and Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueolà ³gicos, using modern GIS methods to record the geoglyphs digitally.​ More on the Nazca: Nazca Lines, Ica Region pottery vessel Archaeological Sites: Cahuachi, Cauchilla, La Muna, Saramarca, Mollake Grande, Primavera, Montegrande, Marcaya, Sources Conlee, Christina A. 2007 Decapitation and Rebirth: A Headless Burial from Nasca, Peru.  Current Anthropology  48(3):438-453. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. 2008  Obsidian hydration dating on the South Coast of Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  35(8):2231-2239. Kellner, Corina M. and Margaret J. Schoeninger 2008  Waris imperial influence on local Nasca diet: The stable isotope evidence.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(2):226-243. Knudson, Kelly J., et al. In press  The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  in press. Lambers, Karsten, et al. 2007  Combining photogrammetry and laser scanning for the recording and modelling of the Late Intermediate Period site of Pinchango Alto, Palpa, Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34:1702-1712. Rink, W. J. and J.  Bartoll  2005  Dating the geometric Nasca lines in the Peruvian desert.  Antiquity  79(304):390-401. Silverman, Helaine and David Browne 1991  New evidence for the date of the Nazca lines.  Antiquity  65:208-220. Van Gijseghem, Hendrik and Kevin J. Vaughn 2008  Regional integration and the built environment in middle-range societies: Paracas and early Nasca houses and communities.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(1):111-130. Vaughn, Kevin J. 2004  Households, Crafts, and Feasting in the Ancient Andes: The Village Context of Early Nasca Craft Consumption.  Latin  American Antiquity  15(1):61-88. Vaughn, Kevin J., Christina A. Conlee, Hector Neff, and Katharina Schreiber 2006  Ceramic production in ancient Nasca: provenance analysis of pottery from the Early Nasca and  Tiza  cultures through INAA.  Journal of Archaeological Science  33:681-689. Vaughn, Kevin J. and Hendrik Van Gijseghem 2007  A compositional perspective on the origins of the â€Å"Nasca cult† at Cahuachi.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34(5):814-822.

What Comes With a Continental Breakfast Sample Menu

What Comes With a Continental Breakfast Sample Menu SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're going somewhere that's offering a continental breakfast, you may be confused by the term. What is a continental breakfast, really? Should you be excited for or fearful of it? As someone who has eaten hundreds, if not thousands, of continental breakfasts throughout the world, let me guide you through the ins and outs of this specific meal. I'll explain the continental breakfast, break down a typical continental breakfast menu, and detail the differences between the very worst and the very best continental breakfasts. What Is a Continental Breakfast? A continental breakfast is a light morning meal. It’s served buffet style, and it typically has fewer offerings than a traditional breakfast at a restaurant. Normally, it consists of bread products, fruit, fruit juice, coffee, and tea. Most often, you’ll find continental breakfasts at hotels, motels, and events. As a rule of thumb, a continental breakfast usually doesn't have hot food like eggs or sausages. Products will usually be cold or room temperature. The hotels or motels that provide continental breakfasts will usually offer them for free for their guests from 6-9 or 6-10 in the morning. If you go on vacation, I wish you luck in your attempt to wake up in time to take advantage of the the free continental breakfast. How Did the Term â€Å"Continental Breakfast† Originate? It’s unclear exactly when the term â€Å"continental breakfast† originated, probably in the mid-19th century, but the â€Å"continental† in â€Å"continental breakfast† refers to the countries of continental Europe where light breakfasts were the norm. Makes sense, right? A continental breakfast is supposed to stand in contrast to a standard English breakfast, which is extremely heavy. The standard English breakfast includes eggs, bacon, sausage, toast, and coffee or tea. Additionally, it can include fish, beans, and English pudding. That's a whole lotta food to start your day. The continental breakfast consists of lighter fare and is based primarily on bread products. Continental breakfasts became common at American hotels as more Europeans traveled to the US in the late 19th century, and the hotels tried to meet the tastes and expectations of the tourists. Now, â€Å"continental breakfast† typically refers just as much to the price as the food options. Meals used to be included in the price of traditional American hotels; however, tourists began opting out of the hotel meals, but they still wanted breakfast. Thus, the free continental breakfast was born. What Items Does a Continental Breakfast Include? Here's a rundown of the food items you'll often find in a continental breakfast: Bread Products At the traditional continental breakfast, bread products reign supreme. You can often find donuts, muffins, bread, bagels, croissants, cereal, and pastries. At nicer continental breakfasts, you may be able to feast on waffles, pancakes, or french toast. You'll also have the necessary condiments to enhance your bread products, including butter, cream cheese, and jam/jelly. Fruit Most continental breakfasts provide fruit as a healthier option. Typically, there will be apples and bananas, so you'll be able to get your fiber and potassium. If you're lucky, you'll be able to indulge in melon, pears, grapes, and an assortment of berries. Fruit Juice Another continental breakfast staple is fruit juice. Generally, you'll be able to choose between orange and apple juice. Other possible fruit juice options include cranberry, grapefuit, and grape juice. Coffee and Tea Most continental breakfasts will provide coffee and tea. Ideally, your coffee will be freshly brewed. If you prefer tea, you'll probably have to get yourself some hot water and a tea bag. There should be cream and sweeteners to add some flavor to your hot beverages. Miscellaneous Items Here are some other foods that you'll sometimes see at continental breakfasts: Yogurt Oatmeal Eggs Bacon Sausage Cheese What Makes a Good Continental Breakfast? The quality of a continental breakfast is dependent on the quantity and quality of its offerings. Basically, how many products does it have, and how good are those products? Here are your different levels of continental breakfasts: Bad Continental Breakfast I’ve seen some pretty sad and gross continental breakfasts. The worst ones I’ve seen only provided stale bagels and old cereal. There was no milk (was I expected to eat dry cereal?), no fruit juice, and no freshly brewed coffee. It was obvious that the continental breakfast wasn’t well-maintained and the very limited products weren’t regularly replaced. Standard Continental Breakfast The standard continental breakfast will be well-organized and provide mostly fresh products, but there will be limited offerings. The standard continental breakfast will have some combination of fruit, muffins, bagels, cereal, bread, croissants, pastries, waffles, yogurt, juice, milk, tea, and fresh coffee. Additionally, there will be butter, jam/jelly, cream, and sugar available. Here’s a pic of a standard continental breakfast: You can see the cereal, milk, fruit, and coffee. In the right corner of the pic, it looks like there may be a waffle maker. Most often, you'll have to make your own waffles at the continental breakfast. Good Continental Breakfast The primary factor that separates a standard continental breakfast from a good one is the number of food options. A good continental breakfast looks more like a breakfast buffet at a restaurant. The most impressive breakfast spreads include eggs, bacon, sausage, french toast, and pancakes, in addition to all of the options at a standard continental breakfast. You may even get some fancier breakfast entrees like quiches, omelets, or Eggs Benedict. (To be fair, at this point it stops being a traditional continental breakfast and becomes more of an Everything breakfast.) Look at all these options: Bev Sykes/Flickr How to Do a Continental Breakfast Right As a connoisseur of continental breakfasts, let me advise you on how to make the most out of your free breakfast experience. Step #1: Arrive On Time For many people (myself included), the biggest obstacle to taking advantage of the free continental breakfast is waking up in time to partake in the breakfast fun. Some continental breakfasts end as early as 9:00 AM, and if you're on vacation and have a rare opportunity to sleep in, you may not want to get out of bed before noon. I recommend arriving to the continental breakfast at least 20 minutes before it's supposed to end. If you show up at the last second, hotel staff may be taking away items as you're trying to serve yourself. You also want to give yourself enough time to get seconds. If you love breakfast, but you aren't ready to start your day during the designated breakfast hours, you can always grab your continental breakfast, take it back to your room, eat, and then head back to dream land. That's a savvy move. Step #2: Survey Your Options Before grabbing food, see what’s available and briefly inspect your options. Even though continental breakfasts are all-you-can-eat, it’s better not to take food you’re not going to eat or won’t like. For example, you may typically like bagels and fruit, but often, the bagels and fruit at the continental breakfast are far from fresh. I’ve seen some continental breakfast bananas that look a few months old and bagels that were hard enough to break a car window. I love eggs, but there are continental breakfast eggs that are as rubbery as car tires. You’ll probably have the most enjoyable meal by selecting the highest quality products available. Step #3: Consider Your Goals Think about what you’re trying to get out of this meal. Do you want the tastiest meal possible? Generally, this is my goal at the continental breakfast. I want to satisfy my hunger and enjoy my food. If you’re like me, you’ll probably want to look for the muffins, donuts, or pastries at a standard continental breakfast. If you have the patience, making your own waffle is also a good call. If you’re at a good continental breakfast, you’ll want eggs and meat. My ideal continental breakfast is eggs, bacon, sausage, two muffins, a donut, and apple juice. Yummy. Are you trying to gain muscle or lose weight? If you’re looking to add muscle or lose weight, go for lean protein and fruit. Hard boiled eggs, turkey bacon, oatmeal, yogurt, and fruit would be ideal options for you. Do you want a combo of healthy and tasty? For healthy and tasty, I recommend a moderately-sized balanced meal. As an example, you can do a bagel with low-fat cream cheese, fruit, eggs, and yogurt. For your beverage, try to stick to water, but if you need some caffeine, take it easy on the sweeteners. Step #4: Take a Little Less Than You Plan on Eating I think we’re all guilty of letting our eyes be bigger than our stomachs. If you hit up the continental breakfast when you’re rather hungry, you’re likely to get too much food. You don’t want to waste food, and you don’t want to eat so much that you feel bad when you’re done. Admittedly, I’ve been guilty of gluttony and needed to lay down after five donuts, six sausage links, and five pieces of bacon. Remember the continental breakfast is all-you-can-eat. If you’re still hungry after your first plate, you can always return for seconds. Step #5: Lower Your Expectations Because the continental breakfast is usually free, don’t expect world-class food. If you’re a food snob who can only enjoy the finest of foods, you’ll undoubtedly be disappointed at any continental breakfast. If you go in just hoping for bread that isn’t stale and food that tastes better than stale bread, you have a good chance of being pleased with your continental breakfast. If the food is free, remind yourself that free food is the most delicious. It’s very possible to get a satisfying meal with pretty good food at a continental breakfast, and it’s free and all-you-can-eat. Nothing wrong with that.

To what extent is the teaching of Mencius close to the original Essay

To what extent is the teaching of Mencius close to the original teaching of Confucius - Essay Example With this concept, the two philosophers dealt with the ethical, sociopolitical, and philosophical systems, which developed from Chinese cultural teachings. It would be paramount to understand that this philosophy targeted by the two great Chinese teachers focused on the practical, especially the significance of the family and little did it give preference to the belief in deities or the possibility of afterlife (Richey 70). This is the rationale that these two philosophers believed that human capacity is teachable, can improve, and attain perfection through personal and communal endeavour. They believed that the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics would ultimately liberate the human capacity. It is in this capacity that Mencius developed Confucius former philosophical advances. Mencius himself bears the tag name Confucius, who lived in the 4th century. He converges his philosophical teaching with Confucius, the founder father in the line that human nature was all-good. Th is is the same observation that Confucius put across (Richey 83). In his own understanding, Confucius emphasized that the human nature is the one that forms governmental morality as well as modelling itself to attain that personal morality. His virtue goes farther to touch on correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. At this level, Mencius extends Confucius philosophy by acknowledging that human nature is alike. He uses the imagery of human as equated to tastes and flavours and points out that the human minds cannot be that different that there is nothing shared by other animal species. It is this concept that he wraps by suggesting that human nature ought to alike, just like the case of their minds. Mencius accepts the teachings of morality and virtue as formally extended by Confucius that human nature must appreciate morality just as the way their taste of buds appreciates great foods (Gardner 78). A reader would not fail to realize the efforts of Mencius adopti on of Confucianism philosophy since his perceptions allude that moral virtues such as humanity and righteousness come into existence through continual human efforts. When Mencius claims that there is no man who is not good and no one would stand to bear the suffering of others culminates to the very core concepts of Confucianism, the feeling that traces the integral and innate of humanness in the human race. Developing on the Confucian ethical human nature perhaps remains the greatest contribution of Mencius philosophy on Confucian learning. The earlier reflection of Confucius described the possibility of ethical heaven and innate nature of ethical human beings. In his true words, Confucius believed that the existence of these ethical standards received supervision from heaven. In extending this proposition, Mencius agreed that an ethical human being, either achieved through personal strife or innate natures, ethical human being is a moral universe on his own (Richey 105). This expl ains the understanding of Mencius that ethical human nature and personal physical life are two related idealistic perspectives and to some extent have an innate connection. Confucius put across these ideals. He argued that a man cultivates himself and thereby be able to draw peace and security to his fellow men. In an attempt to magnify his belief in the ethics of human nature, Confucius placed emphasis on individual’