The Effects Of Exercise Training On Functional Performance

Effects of Combined Exercise Training on Functional Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Study Spring 2017 EPR 214-QL Professional Reflection Brandon England The University of Alabama at Birmingham PROCEDURAL SUMMARY My Professional Reflection summarizes the procedures and statistics used in a randomized controlled study on the Effects of Combined Exercise Training on Functional Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy. This study was published in January 2017 in Volume 29 of Pediatric Physical Therapy, the official journal of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association and the first and only peer-reviewed journal devoted to the pediatric specialty. The purpose of this study was†¦show more content†¦The study’s aim was to investigate the effect of a combined strength and endurance exercise program on walking ability, lower limb strength, balance, and flexibility in children with cerebral palsy. The exercise participants trained after school classes. The exercise group participants went through a combined strength and endurance training program which was constructed by a group of pediatric physical therapists for 70 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for 8 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the exercise program. After the 8 week training period was over, a 6-minute walk, 30-second sit-to-stand, 10-minute walk, and Functional Reach Test was conducted on both the control and exercise group. The participants in the exercise group showed a significant improvement over their base values at the beginning of the study and scored significantly higher than the participants in the control group. From the results, the researchers concluded that a combined exercise training program improved the walking ability, functional lower limb strength, and balance in children with cerebral palsy. STATISTICAL SUMMARY A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a special education school for children with disabilities. Participants with cerebral palsy were randomly allocated into an exercise group and a control group by computer. The children were stratified by age, sex, and their Gross Motor Function Classification SystemShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease : The Second Most Common Neurodegenerative Disorder1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbarely trumps Parkinson’s by a small margin. The first article studied the effectiveness of two different exercise programs against a home-based control group with people in the early to mid stages of Parkinson’s. The study was a randomized control trial and lasted for 16 months and compared: flexibility/balance/function exercises (FBF), supervised aerobic exercises (AE), and home-based exercises (control). The primary outcomes focused on physical function, balance, and walking economy. A few secondaryRead MoreBenefits Of Creatine Supplementation On The Human Body1473 Words   |  6 Pageschanges that happen to the human body under creatine supplementation. Creatine is starting to become more and more popular as a supplementation for athletes and exercise enthusiasts who want an increased advantage in their physical activities. Many websites and health magazines state recommend taking creatine for its health and exercise supplementation benefits. Due to popularity increase it now being widely used as a supplement by itself and as an extremely popular ingredient in pre-workout withRead MoreThe Course Of Care And Specific Therapeutic Interventions At A 72 Year Old Female With Relapsing Remitting Ms1101 Words   |  5 Pagespatients with orthopedic impairments complicated by underlying neuromuscular disorders. Individuals with orthopedic impairments complicated by an underlying neuromuscular disorder can be treated however, the duration of care required to achieve functional improvements and goals is greater. Previous reports have highlighted surgical treatment and outcomes of patients with MS and coexisting orthopedic conditions. One study reported on 14 patients with coexisting MS and spinal cord compression secondaryRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Parkinson s Disease1309 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough exercise programs have been implemented to decrease falls, few programs are proven successful. (Li, Harmer, Fitzgerald, Eckstrom, Stock, Galver, Maddalozzo, Batya, 2012). In order to find an effective program in decreasing falls, nurses are performing various rehabilitation interventions that focus on improving postural stability. Two examples of interventions include Qi Gong and Tai Chi. Qi Gong is a mindful exercise that effects neuroplasticity in the brain and can have an effect on theR ead MoreKnee Injuries Are Extremely Common1267 Words   |  6 Pagespuberty, for females in particular, the musculoskeletal and the neuromuscular controls of knee joint stability and their hormonal level sprouts due to menstruation (Wild, Steele, and Munro, 2012). This causes stress to the body and can affect their performance level especially when jump landing and sidestep cutting. These have the most risk for ACL injury , since it is a sharp rotation of hamstring to quadriceps that deal with neuromuscular activation (Xie, et. all 2013). A lot of studies have been doneRead MoreEffects of Plyometric Exercises on Power Production1213 Words   |  5 Pagesproduce a high muscular power output is required. Power is critical for the performance of sports that require quick changes in directions, jumping, and sprinting.1 To increase power production a number of plyometric exercises and programs can be performed. The theory of specificity plays a large role in deciding what plyometric exercises should be performed to improve power output.2 The theory states that the exercises should replicate the movement as closely as possible for the best results.1,3Read MoreThe Effects Of Plyometric Training For Increased Speed1656 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Plyometric Training for Increased Speed A Review of the Literature Stefan Mihaliak Fairmont State University The Effects of Plyometric Training for Increased Speed A Review of the Literature Speed is one of the main fitness components that are important for success in many sports. When athletes can run and execute sport skill with greater speed, in most cases they will outperform athletes who move slower. Gains that athletes see in speed are attributed to muscleRead MoreThe Effect Of The Abdominal Drawing On Forward Steps1389 Words   |  6 Pages(2014). The effect of the abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre during forward steps. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 889-893. Performance of the ADIM with forward steps had a positive influence on abdominal thickness and kinematics of hip and pelvis joints. The ADIM, a neuromuscular control exercise, increases function of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) to create improved trunk stability. The objective â€Å"was to examine the influence of the ADIM on forward steps as a gait exercise.† A convenienceRead MoreStakeholder Analysis : Stakeholder Management1669 Words   |  7 Pagescharge of affirming that work exercises meets agreed criteria and fall inside satisfactory fluctuations. †¢ Report project status as per the correspondences administration arrangement. †¢ Assess the execution of all tasks of his teams and convey their execution to responsible administrators. †¢ In charge of obtaining resources for the task through coordination with functional supervisors. Consultants †¢ In charge of gathering requirements from various functional heads/departments for SAP ImplementationRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorder1128 Words   |  5 PagesTechniques A popular joke among college science majors is â€Å"you make my dopamine levels go all silly,† in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive

Are Same-Sex Marriages Cool or ‘Gay’ An Argument for...

How would you feel if someone told you that you couldn’t marry the love of your life simply because society doesn’t think that it is right? Can you imagine the devastation you would feel, being told that you are an inferior specimen my society? This travesty is occurring in our country on a daily basis. Same-sex marriage should be nationally legalized in the United States with a law or an amendment because it is a step closer to equality for everyone. There are many obstacles in the way of the national legalization of same-sex marriage. The most prevalent of these are the government’s current laws on the subject. Some of the laws that the government has ‘protecting marriage’ are nothing short of barbaric. Another obstacle to the†¦show more content†¦The law this state recently passed is Proposition 8, also known as the California Marriage Protection Act. In truth it isn’t just a law. Proposition 8 was recently passed by Calif ornian legislature as a new amendment to their state constitution. This amendment forbids any same-sex marriage throughout the state of California. This California bill garnered a lot of support from many different sources. Much of the support that was behind this bill was religious in nature, especially by the Mormon group. However, not all of the support behind this bill was religious. There was also a number of political supporters, most notably Sen. John McCain. However, in his statement, he never actually said that he personally was against same-sex marriage. He only said that he supported Proposition 8 because it seemed like the majority of the constituency of California supported it. Bills and amendments like these have a significant effect on an average homosexual’s state of mind, as shown by a study: The odds of mood disorders at wave 2 was 1.67 times the odds at wave 1 among LGB respondents in states with amendments whereas the odds at wave 2 was not significantly different than the odds at wave 1 among LGB respondents in states without amendments (Hatzenbeuhler, et al. 454). When someone thinks about this, it begins to make a lot of sense and isn’t a very surprising statistic. InShow MoreRelatedA Refutation of an Argument by William J Bennett on Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage1749 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿REFUTATION OF ARGUMENT AGAINST GAY MARRIAGE In a remarkable article that appeared in the Washington Post, William J. Bennett argued that recognizing same-sex marriage would be detrimental to the concept of marriage and to the nation. The only thing more remarkable than the logical fallacies relied upon in the article was the fact that the author was the former Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities and Secretary of Education in the Reagan administration and Director of the OfficeRead MoreA Social Issue Of Gay And Lesbian Marriage1975 Words   |  8 PagesA Social Issue signifies an objectionable condition that people believe should be modified and â€Å"social† refers to issues based in a specific society. An often times debated topic is Gay/ lesbian Marriage, or commonly stated as Same-Sex marriage. Societies are passionate over this specific topic given the differences that necessarily arise from such a large divide in beliefs. Similar to any other controversial matter, there are a number of sides, me aning that there are supporters and advocates, traditionalistsRead MoreChanging Trends in Sexual Orientation1568 Words   |  7 Pagescriticized to be highly overestimated by academia. (Refer to Appendix 1 for figures presented by other institutes). Studies by National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles reviews that lesbian increased from 2.8% in 1990 to 9.7% in 2000 while gay reported to rise from 5.3% in 1990 to 8.4% in 2000, depicting upward trends that are consistent with reports published by other institutes. Before concluding that homosexual population had indeed grown and trends in sexual orientation are shifting,Read MoreBlack Lesbian And Gay Families7002 Words   |  29 Pages Although marriage equality continues to be in the legislative and media spotlight, little attention has been placed on the significance of legalizing same sex marriage for Black families. This article will discuss the available research on Black lesbian and gay families, highlighting both the strengths and challenges these families negotiate. Focusing on the resources Black lesbian and gay families provide to the Black community, such as foster parenting and adopting Black children, mentoringRead MoreDiscrimination and Same-Sex Marriages Essay2392 Words   |  10 PagesDiscrimination and Same-Sex Marriages Scott D. Kuhn English 1020 Professor Appelt July 17, 2011 Abstract My subject is on discrimination and same-sex marriage. During my research, I looked at what discrimination was and where it came from. Next, I focused my attention towards the Bible and the views of Christianity. Lastly, I took a look at what the law had to say about same-sex marriage. What I found was astonishing. My conclusion was that discrimination is ever prevalent in todaysRead MoreEssay on The Negative Impact of Homosexual Behavior on Society2319 Words   |  10 Pagesagainst and frowned upon these relations considering it immoral and illegal. However, when the Roman rule was destroyed and the Christians took over Europe, homosexuality was seen as perverse (Woodward, 1997). This ideology continued until the first gay activist called Karl Ulrich started the decriminalization of homosexuals. He claimed that homosexuality was biologically based in which the embryo’s body and mind developed in different directions. However, today this characteristic is called transsexualRead MoreEthnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawas Obasan13316 Words   |  54 PagesINTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Introduction and overview (p. 428) Affiliation: the need for other people (p. 428) Love and intimacy (p. 428) Relationships: definitions and varieties (p. 429) Voluntary/involuntary relationships (p. 429) Arranged marriages (p. 430) Gay and lesbian relationships (p. 430) ‘Electronic’ friendships (p. 431) Different types of love (p. 431) The power of love (p. 431) Is romantic love unique to western culture? (p. 431) An evolutionary theory of love: love as attachmentRead MoreEffects Of Teenage Pregnancy On American Society3125 Words   |  13 Pagescentury as well until the 1970s and 1980s. The prominence of teenage marriage during the 1950s is worth mentioning. As mentioned by Chen et al, marriages during the teenage years were common around this time. There is nonetheless a reason to believe that one of the factors affecting the rise of teen birth rates was the prevalence of marriages among individuals in their teenage years. This is easily agreeable considering that marriage ultimately leads to a familial life. The union between teenaged couplesRead MoreEssay about The Role of Social Class and Society2421 Words   |  10 Pagesand disciplinarian with their children† (Bermudez 12). From the beginning when Tita is reminded of her duty, her mother belittles Tita’s every move. At most times, Elena would hurt Tita physically. With her society beliefs, Elena would brook no argument from Tita regarding her protestations a bout Rosaura and Pedro’s wedding. For example, while Tita exhibited torn emotions on her face during the making of the wedding cake, Elena became so enraged that she slapped Tita. Having cried over the cakeRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage2094 Words   |  9 Pages Labels are stupid, but before I met you I thought I was straight. It was a stupid thought; I got way too riled up in arguments about gay marriage to not be personally offended on some level. I just never considered being not-straight. Since I lacked flamboyancy or butchness, all the stereotypes of homosexuality, the thought of being gay didn t cross my mind. Not a big deal. Labels are stupid. But then I met you. Rachel introduced us, Rachel who was dying her short hair red and wearing hipster

Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides Free Essays

Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides with his 70th birthday (1 888 PressRelease) In honor of the 70th birthday of the late and legendary singer/ songwriter John Denver on Dec. 31, acclaimed Indie recording artist Luanne Hunt releases what may have been his greatest musical work, â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer). † Denver did not record the tune. We will write a custom essay sample on Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hunt brings forth an emotional production, passionately delivering the song’s timely and awe-inspiring message. Denver, CO – Coinciding with what would have been legendary singer/songwriter John Denver’s 70th birthday on Dec. , chart-topping Indie recording artist Luanne Hunt releases his rare and powerful composition, â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love Is the Answer). † Denver, who died in a plane crash in 1997 off the California coast, delivered perhaps his most profound message through the inspiring and timely ballad. The â€Å"Rocky Mountain High† singer stated In his autobiography that he wrote the tune In Santa Fe, N. M. around 1994. â€Å"l went off on a hike, and midway to where I was headed, the song I was trying to write (â€Å"The Wandering Soul†) Just came to me, fell from the sky,† Denver said In his book, â€Å"Take Me Home. Hunt says she recorded â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer)† to not only showcase what may have been Denver’s finest work, but also to help others find healing, wholeness and a deeper meaning on their Journeys. â€Å"The first time I heard ‘The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answerl’ I broke down and cried for a very long time,† said Hunt, who resides in Southern California and records on the Star Creek Entertainment label. â€Å"l knew I had to record It and felt certain It was meant for something much greater than I could even fathom. John’s song definitely has been life-changing for me. Hunt’s own musical Journey has been one of profound personal, creative and spiritual transformation. By focusing on her artistic vision, she found the strength to overcome devastating emotional wounds and follow her authentic path as a singer/ songwriter. Over the years, the Pennsylvania native has bullt an Impressive list of accomplishments and a worldwide fan base with her contemporary folk songs. Her 1 OF2 200/ CD â€Å"Breaking I nrougn† proaucea two nit singles on u s. ana European cnarts The enchanting â€Å"Solace In The Wind† reached No. 1 on the European Country Music Association’s chart (Belgium) in July 2010. The song also landed on the 2009 Grammy ballot in two categories: Best Country Song and Best Female Country Performance. In December 2011, Hunt’s holiday tune â€Å"Christmas Without You† went to No. 1 on the European Country Music Association charts in France, Denmark and Austria. It also was the second most played song in Europe during that month. â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer)† is being utilized to raise funds for Forest Way Productions, a 501c3 charity dedicated to providing retreat opportunities conducive to spiritual growth. It also promotes creative projects designed to support a unified vision of spirituality in the world. â€Å"l am deeply moved by ‘The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer),'† said Matthew Flickstein, founder of Forest Way Productions and Telly Award-winning documentary filmmaker of â€Å"With One Voice. † â€Å"The lyrics are exquisite and Luanne’s voice and presence profoundly touch my heart. I can see how her voice and music can open people’s eyes to the Divine and lovingly transform their hearts. How to cite Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides, Papers

Buddhism Essay Example For Students

Buddhism Essay BuddhismFor over 2000 years Buddhism has existed as an organized religion. Byreligion we mean that it has a concept of the profane, the sacred, andapproaches to the sacred. It has been established in India, China, Japan andother eastern cultures for almost 2000 years and has gained a strong foothold inNorth America and Europe in the past few centuries. However, one might ask;what fate would Buddhism face had Siddartha Guatama been born in modern times;or more specifically in modern day North America? Would his new foundenlightenment be accepted now as it was thousands of years ago? Would it beshunned by society as another cult movement? What conflicts or similaritieswould it find with modern science; physics in particular? The answers to thesequestions are the aim of this paper, as well as a deeper understanding of modernBuddhism. The Pure Land is based on the story about the heavenly Buddha, Amitabha. HE lives in the celestial region or area known as the Pure Land. The text describes a place that is rich, fertile and heavenly. It is inhabited only by gods and men, not by ghosts or demons. Admission into such a place is rebirth and once there you are considered to be in a state of nirvana. Zen is the place that teaches skepticism about ordinary language and mocks attempts to explain truth rationally. This tradition has brought this insight and beliefs to China. One of the main ideas of Zen id that we all are and can be Buddha, but it is a matter of us convincing ourselves that we are not. We do this by becoming attached to the pleasures of this world and the diversity of objects we think that we see. But we also fool ourselves by thinking that we need to escape the world that we know. Zen says that we have to rely on ourselves to know what is true in this world. The truth lies within, for only there can we awaken to reality that there is no distinction between ourselves and the rest of reality. (Burtt,12)Zen uses strict meditation. You are proposed a question, and sit there and ponder. This is to try to eliminate analytical thinking. It is sometimes said that Zen does not use any philosophy or scripture, but this is just to the Buddha himself. It is an inner-self medit ation. It confounds rational thought. The difference with Zen and many other religions is that once one is enlightened he would not withdraw from the world, but he would go on with the same daily routine. As in every religion there is a story of creation. In Buddhist beliefs this story is called the Shinto. There are many things that the Buddhist culture holds sacred. The atheistic religion does not believe that there is a central role for a personal god or gods. They focus on personal deities who have a small role in the final transformation. Buddhism claims that gods have no role to play in human liberation, any more than any other person or spirit. Each person must find his or her own destiny and final path to spiritual redemption. Buddhism, like Jainism, is atheistic in a functional rather than a theoretical sense. Theoretical atheism denies that gods exist. Functional atheism is not concerned about the question of the existence of gods; it only knows whether they exist or not, they are irrelevant to human destiny. (Carter,253)As many other religions Buddhists practice many holidays and religious ceremonies. They are very in depth, but this is a very serious part of their everyday life. There are few religious festivals in Buddhism that are observed by all buddhists at the same time. This is due partially to the nature of Buddhisms historical development and partially to the impact of the regions and countries Buddhism entered. On the one hand, because of the differences in the structure of belief among Theravada Mahayana and Vajrayana and among the different schools of Mahayana, there is no one event or person who is understood in the same manner, and thus worshipped in the same manner. So although all forms of Buddhism celebrate the Buddhas life, they do so at different times. Of course, all monasteries have a day celebrating their founding. On the other hand, different countries have celebrations commemorating when Buddhism entered their country. Or, th ey may celebrate the reign of a particular dynasty. Or, when Buddhism entered the country, it may have taken over a festival from the indigenous religion. So, with all these different reasons for establishing a religious holiday, it becomes clear why so few holidays are celebrated throughout Buddhism. The following discussion will mention just a few holidays, organized by the three divisions of Buddhism. (Prebish, 98)The main festivals of Theravada Buddhism are Buddha Day and observances linked to the rain retreat of the monsoon season. Buddha Day is often called Visakha Puja because it occurs on the full-moon day of the month of Visakha (April-May). It celebrates the Buddhas birth, his attainment of enlightenment, and his death, which Theravadans believe miraculously occured on the same day. The lay people gather at a monastery to hear the telling of the story of the Buddhas life, wash the sacred Buddha images, observe the Five Precepts, and the reliquary.(Carter, 91)With regard to the rainy season retreat, which the monks observe from July to October, Theravada has a small celebration at the beginning of the rains when the monks traditionally enter retreat. This is called Magha Puja because it occurs on the full-moon of the month of Magha. It consists primarily of listening to a sermon by a monk minister. In countries where it is customary for young men to enter the sangha as their rite of passage into adulthood, it usually happens on this day. The Rain Retreat usually ends with the Kathina ceremony, where the laity give the monks robes and other needed items, and the monks read certain sutras for the benefit of the deceased. (Niwano, 205-209)In Thailand, a Theravadan country, Chakri Day in April commemorates the founding of the current dynasty. Many acts of worship are woven into the days observances; indeed, the famous Emerald Buddha statue of Bangkok plays a key role in the ceremonies, receiving homage from the Emperor. World Issues EssayIn Mahayana Buddhism, the important action of Buddhas Day is the washing of the Buddhas images. Celebrated in China, Korea and Japan on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, the main focus of this celebration from the sanghas perspective is the Buddhas attainment of enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhism, especially in China, celebrates the life of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin: her birthday is the in the second month, her enlightenment the sixth month, and her entry into nirvana of the ninth month. (Niwano, 210) All of these days are the nineteenth. This is a special number. The Buddhist religion has many new and different things, to me. It is a whole new experience. Their beliefs are something that I personally would never practice, but I know that these are the beliefs that these people have grown up with. I know that they would most likely go to a Baptist church and think that the singing and dancing that we do is completely sinful. After all, dancing is practically as sinful as murder to them. It is on their list of sins. I respect this religion, as I do all religions. Religion Essays

Salem Case Study free essay sample

Finally, a meeting took place between Salem Telephone President and the manager of Salem Data Services to discuss the future of Salem Data Services (Bruns Hertenstein, 2005). Case Tasks 1. Determine Variable and Fixed expenses with respect to revenue hours. 2. Calculate the cost per revenue hour using only variable expenses. 3. Create a contribution margin income statement for Salem Data Services. Assume intracompany usage is 205 hours and commercial usage is at March levels. 4. Assuming intracompany use is 205 hours, determine the break-even level for commercial revenue hours. 5. Estimate the following effects on income a. Increase the price to commercial customers to $1,000 per hour which would decrease demand 30% b. Decrease the price to commercial customers to $600 per hour which would increase demand 30% c. Increase promotion to increase revenue hours by 30%. Determine how much can be spent on promotion without a loss for Salem Data Services 6. Based on previous analysis, is Salem Data Services a problem for Salem Telephone? What should be done about Salem Data Services? Determining Fixed and Variable Expenses Variable expenses, with respect to revenue hours, were determined by selecting only those expenses that vary with production hours: Operations: hourly personnel, Power Fixed expenses were determined by selecting those that do not vary with production hours: Rent, Custodial Services, Computer Leases, Maintenance, Depreciation: Computer Equipment and Office Equipment, Operations: salaried staff, Systems Development and Maintenance, Administration, Sales, Sales Promotion, Corporate Services Cost Per Revenue Hour Cost per revenue hour was determined by dividing the quarterly average of variable expenses by the quarterly average of revenue hours: Average Power Expense for the quarter $ 1,576. We will write a custom essay sample on Salem Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 00 Average Hourly Salary for the quarter $ 8,048. 00 Total Variable Expenses $ 9,624. 00 Average Number of Revenue Hours 335. 33 Cost per Revenue Hour (Total Variable costs/number of hours)$ 28. 70 Contribution Margin Income Statement for Salem Data Services A Contribution Margin Income Statement was prepared with the following assumptions: Intracompany use was 205 hours and Commercial use was at March levels (138 hours) Salem Data Services Contribution Margin Income Statement Intracompany (205 Revenue hours @ $400/hr)$82,000 Commercial (138 Revenue hours @ $800/hr)$110,400 Total Sales $192,400. 00 Less Variable Costs Total Revenue hours343 Variable Cost per hour X revenue hours$28. 0 $9,844. 10 Contribution Margin for intracompany and commercial $182,555. 90 Contribution Margin Ratio for Intracompany0. 9283 Contribution Margin Ratio for commercial0. 9641 Less Fixed costs Rent$8,000 Custodial services$1,240 Computer leases$95,000 Maintenance$5,400 Computer equipment depreciation$25,500 Office equipment and fixtures depreciation$680 Operations: Salaried Staff$21,600 Systems development maintenance$12,000 Administration$9,000 Sales$11,200 Sales Promotion quarterly average $7,677 Corporate Services quarterly average$15,340 Furthermore, several options were analyzed to determine if the company could boost profits through price manipulation which proved unprofitable in each case. Although it was determined that with successful sales promotions the company could show a profit, it is not likely a guarantee. Additionally, the profit was a meager $1,851. 05 which if spent on promotions would be unlikely to boost sales a whopping 30%. The main issue with Salem Data Services seems to be its extremely high fixed costs. Unless the company can eliminate or greatly reduce these expenses, it is doubtful that they will ever be a profitable entity.

Hot And Dry Desert Essays - Deserts And Xeric Shrublands, Habitats

Hot and Dry Desert The four major North American deserts of this type are the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin. Others outside the U.S. include the Southern Asian realm, Neotropical (South and Central America), Ethiopian (Africa) and Australian. The seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. The winters usually bring little rainfall. Temperatures exhibit daily extremes because the atmosphere contains little humidity to block the Sun's rays. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night. Many mean annual temperatures range from 20-25? C. The extreme maximum ranges from 43.5-49? C. Minimum temperatures sometimes drop to -18? C. Rainfall is usually very low and/or concentrated in short bursts between long rainless periods. Evaporation rates regularly exceed rainfall rates. Sometimes rain starts falling and evaporates before reaching the ground. Rainfall is lowest on the Atacama Desert of Chile, where it averages less than 1.5 cm. Some years are even rainless. Inland Sahara also receives less than 1.5 cm a year. Rainfall in American deserts is higher?almost 28 cm a year. Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage and have no subsurface water. They are coarse because there is less chemical weathering. The finer dust and sand particles are blown elsewhere, leaving heavier pieces behind. Canopy in most deserts is very rare. Plants are mainly ground-hugging shrubs and short woody trees. Leaves are "replete" (fully supported with nutrients) with water-conserving characteristics. They tend to be small, thick and covered with a thick cuticle (outer layer). In the cacti, the leaves are much-reduced (to spines) and photosynthetic activity is restricted to the stems. Some plants open their stomata (microscopic openings in the epidermis of leaves that allow for gas exchange) only at night when evaporation rates are lowest. These plants include: yuccas, ocotillo, turpentine bush, prickly pears, false mesquite, sotol, ephedras, agaves and brittlebush. The animals include small nocturnal (active at night) carnivores. The dominant animals are burrowers and kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids, reptiles and birds. The animals stay inactive in protected hideaways during the hot day and come out to forage at dusk, dawn or at night, when the desert is cooler. Semiarid Desert The major deserts of this type include the sagebrush of Utah, Montana and Great Basin. They also include the Nearctic realm (North America, Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe and northern Asia). The summers are moderately long and dry, and like hot deserts, the winters normally bring low concentrations of rainfall. Summer temperatures usually average between 21-27? C. It normally does not go above 38? C and evening temperatures are cool, at around 10? C. Cool nights help both plants and animals by reducing moisture loss from transpiration, sweating and breathing. Furthermore, condensation of dew caused by night cooling may equal or exceed the rainfall received by some deserts. As in the hot desert, rainfall is often very low and/or concentrated. The average rainfall ranges from 2-4 cm annually. The soil can range from sandy and fine-textured to loose rock fragments, gravel or sand. It has a fairly low salt concentration, compared to deserts which receive a lot of rain (acquiring higher salt concentrations as a result). In areas such as mountain slopes, the soil is shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage. In the upper bajada (lower slopes) they are coarse-textured, rocky, well-drained and partly "laid by rock bench." In the lower bajada (bottom land) the soil is sandy and fine-textured, often with "caliche hardpan." In each case there is no subsurface water. The spiny nature of many plants in semiarid deserts provides protection in a hazardous environment. The large numbers of spines shade the surface enough to significantly reduce transpiration. The same may be true of the hairs on the woolly desert plants. Many plants have silvery or glossy leaves, allowing them to reflect more radiant energy. These plants often have an unfavorable odor or taste. Semiarid plants include: Creosote bush, bur sage (Franseria dumosa or F. deltoidea), white thorn, cat claw, mesquite, brittle bushes (Encelia farinosa), lyciums, and jujube. During the day, insects move around twigs to stay on the shady side; jack rabbits follow the moving shadow of a cactus or

Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination Hispanics

Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination Hispanics Ethnicity and race have been a topic of immense concern in the United States of America since it has a wide range of ethnic and racial entities in this country, having a broad historical background of origin. The author of this paper discusses the effects of ethnic stratification on the Hispanics/Latinos, and how prejudice and discrimination are relevant to this ethnic group.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination: Hispanics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethnic Stratification Ethnic stratification has resulted in differences in the distribution of resources according to hierarchical positions. The most powerful/dominant ethnic group enjoys most benefits as long as resource distribution is concerned. In the US, stratification was done based on physical appearance and religion. The white Protestants are top in the hierarchy followed by the Jews, white Catholics and Asians. T he bottom in the hierarchy includes the blacks, Indian Americans, some Asians and Hispanics or Latinos. This has changed since there have been several conversions from one culture to another. Currently, stratification is done using two main ways i.e. biological characteristics and ethnic background. To the Hispanic, what has mostly influenced their placement in the hierarchy is their ethnic background. Given their unclear origin these citizens are usually treated as non-Americans. They are currently ranked lower than the blacks especially in employment, housing and education. The Latinos are thus discriminated because of their position in the ethnic hierarchy. In fact, stratification is the main reason for racialism and racism among the American population. Prejudice and discrimination The disparity in ethnic class resulting from the social stratification in the American society has resulted to uncontained prejudice and discrimination. Price (2012) defines prejudice as peoplesâ€⠄¢ perception towards people of other cultures whose traits they consider negative because of their cultural background, religion or color (Price 802). Discrimination, on the other hand, is ones act of prejudice on another person or a group (Price 802).Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to different surveys (Gk-survey, Pew Research poll), the Hispanics are ranked second after African Americans among those who face discrimination in the United States of America. The Hispanics are mostly discriminated against finding adequate and good housing (US Census Bureau, para 7). The pew research poll indicated a shocking statistics that three of ten Latino employees have been discriminated at least once a week at their work place. About 12% of the interviewed Hispanics in the US Census Bureau Survey believe that at one time, they had been fired from work due to prejudic e. Moreover, one in ten Hispanic men report going into prison at least once in their life due to prejudice and discrimination (US census bureau para. 6). This discrimination extends to other extremely valuable services like education, health services and leadership. The children and youth are the most affected by the discrimination though adults also phase their position of prejudice and discrimination. The discrimination has had lots of influence on the perception of the Hispanics on life and other vital activities (Price 801). The Hispanics are reported to be less motivated in life at work, low education standard and high unemployment rates. These are all results of prejudice and discrimination that they face. Policy measures to reduce the discrimination bears no evident fruit, campaigns for equality to bears no fruits. It is forecast that with the increase in Hispanic immigrants into the US, perceptions against the Hispanics increases and thus discrimination worsens. The bid to r educe this prejudice has thus to be heightened to save the situation. Price, Patricia L. â€Å"Race and ethnicity: Latino immigrants and emerging geographies of race and place in the USA.† Progress in Human Geography 36.6 ( 2012): 800-809. Print. US census bureau, 2010, Web. www.census.gov.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Stratification, Prejudice, Discrimination: Hispanics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More